Pressure
Vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at very
different pressures than atmospheric pressure . Pressure vessels can be
dangerous and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of their development
and operation. As a result, pressure ship design, production, and operation are
regulated by engineering executives backed by law.
For these reasons, the definition of pressure
vessel varies between countries. Design includes maximum safe operating
pressure and parameters such as temperature, safety factor, corrosion
allowance, and minimum design temperature (for brittle fractures). Construction
is tested using non-destructive testing such as ultrasonic testing,
radiography, and pressure tests. Hydrostatic tests use water, but pneumatic
tests using air or other gases . Hydrostatic test is preferred, because it is a
safer method, less energy is released when fractures occur during the test
(unlike gases like air, water does not rapidly increase its volume when
depressed).In many countries, ships of a certain size and pressure need to be
formalized. In the United States, the code is ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code (BPVC). In Europe, the Code is the Pressure Equipment Directive .The
information on this page is only valid in ASME. The vessels also require an
official inspector to sign each new container of construction, and the maximum
working pressure, maximum temperature, minimum design metal temperature, date
of which company made it, date, its registration number (via the National
Board) and each vessel General Lounge ASME Official Seal (U-Stamp) for pressure
vessels. The nameplate makes this ship discoverable and officially an ASME code
ship.
History
In the book
Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Madrid I, the earliest documented design of pressure
vessels was described in 1495 in., In which a container of pressurized air was
theorized to lift heavy underwater. However, vessels To be like those used
today did not come about until the 1800s, when steam was generated in boilers
helping to spur the industrial revolution. However, with poor material quality
and production techniques, including inaccurate information on repairing
design, operation, and maintenance, there are widespread harmful and often
deadly explosions associated with these boilers and pressure vessels, which
result in almost daily death in the joint. States.Local supplements and states
in the United States began to apply rules for the construction of these ships.
Dozens of people died at a time after failures on certain destructive ships,
making it difficult for manufacturers to follow different rules from one place
to another. The first pressure vessel code was Start developing in 1911 and
released in 1914, starting the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). In an early effort to design a tank
capable of resist pressures up to 10,000 psi
(69 MPa), a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919 that was
spirally-wound with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent
sidewall rupture, and the end caps longitudinally strengthen with lengthwise
high-tensile rods. The required for high pressure and temperature vessels for
petroleum refineries and chemical plants gave rise to vessels joined with
welding instead of rivets (which were unsuitable for the Pressure and
temperature) and welding was included as an acceptable means of construction in
the BPVC
in the 1920s and 1930s; Welding is the main means of joining metal characters
today.. There have been many advancements in the field of pressure vessel
engineering such as advanced
non-destructive testing examination, phased array ultrasonic testing and
radiography, new material grades with increased oxidation resistance and
stronger materials, and new ways to join materials such as explosion welding,
friction stir welding, advanced theories and means of more accurately assessing
the stresses encountered in vessels such as with the use of Finite Element
examination, allowing the vessels to be built safer and more efficiently.
Today, ships in the USA require BPVC stamping, but BPVC is not just a domestic
code, many other countries have adopted BPVC as their official code. Some
countries, such as Japan, Australia, Canada, Britain and Europe, have other
official codes. Regardless of the country, almost all pressure channels
recognize the potential dangers and requirements of standards and codes that
regulate their design and construction.
